179 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
179 lines
6.4 KiB
Markdown
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---
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## 4. Horizontal Wind Turbine (HAWT) Solution and Comparison
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### Example: Commercial HAWT (ManoMano)
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- **Product:** 800W, 6-blade HAWT ([link](https://www.manomano.fr/p/eolienne-sans-onduleur-puissance-de-800-w-6-pales-tension-nominale-1224-v-vitesse-du-vent-au-demarrage-1-ms-105-65-cm-89805830))
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- **Rotor Diameter:** ~1.05m (area ≈ 0.87 m²)
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- **Rated Power:** 800W (at high wind speeds, e.g., 12-15 m/s)
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- **Cut-in Wind Speed:** 1 m/s (starts turning)
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- **Nominal Voltage:** 12/24V
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### Realistic Power Output Calculation
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- **At 1.5m height:** Wind speed is still low (see VAWT section)
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- **Average wind speed used:** Same as VAWT, 3.3 m/s
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- **HAWT efficiency:** Typically 30-35% (use 30% for estimate)
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#### Power Formula
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$$
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P = 0.5 \times \rho \times A \times v^3 \times \text{efficiency}
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$$
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Where:
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- $A$ = 0.87 m²
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- $v$ = monthly average wind speed (see VAWT table)
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- $\rho$ = 1.225 kg/m³
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- Efficiency = 0.30
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#### Monthly Power Output Table
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| Month | v (m/s) | P_avg (W) | kWh/month |
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|-----------|---------|-----------|-----------|
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| January | 4.0 | 10.3 | 7.7 |
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| February | 4.0 | 10.3 | 7.0 |
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| March | 3.8 | 8.8 | 6.5 |
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| April | 3.5 | 6.9 | 5.0 |
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| May | 3.2 | 5.2 | 3.9 |
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| June | 3.0 | 4.3 | 3.1 |
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| July | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.6 |
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| August | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.6 |
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| September | 3.0 | 4.3 | 3.1 |
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| October | 3.3 | 5.4 | 4.1 |
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| November | 3.6 | 7.3 | 5.2 |
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| December | 3.9 | 8.5 | 6.3 |
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**Annual total:** ~57 kWh/year
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---
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### Comparison: VAWT vs HAWT
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| Type | Area (m²) | Efficiency | Annual Energy (kWh) | Pros | Cons |
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|--------|-----------|------------|---------------------|------|------|
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| VAWT | 1.0 | 25% | ~54 | Simple, omni-directional, easy to build | Lower efficiency, less power at low height |
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| HAWT | 0.87 | 30% | ~57 | Higher efficiency, more power at same wind | Needs to face wind, more complex, needs tail/yaw |
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- **Both types** at 1.5m height produce similar (low) annual energy due to low wind speed.
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- **HAWT** is slightly more efficient, but complexity and need to face wind are drawbacks.
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- **Commercial 800W HAWT** will only reach rated power in very strong winds (rare at 1.5m).
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---
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### Recommendations
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- For learning and experimentation, both types are valid.
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- For best results, try to raise the turbine higher (wind speed increases rapidly with height).
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- Use data logging to compare real output with theoretical predictions.
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- Consider safety and local regulations for both types.
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---
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## Additional References
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- [ManoMano HAWT Example](https://www.manomano.fr/p/eolienne-sans-onduleur-puissance-de-800-w-6-pales-tension-nominale-1224-v-vitesse-du-vent-au-demarrage-1-ms-105-65-cm-89805830)
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- [HAWT vs VAWT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wind_turbines)
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# Wind Turbine Experiment in Plounéventer, France (29400)
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## 1. Estimating Wind Power Output
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### Key Parameters
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- **Location:** Plounéventer, France (29400)
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- **Turbine Type:** Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
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- **Height:** 1.5 meters above ground
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- **Swept Area:** 1 m²
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- **Field:** Open, unobstructed
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### Wind Resource Estimation
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- **Average wind speed at 10m in Plounéventer:** ~5.5 m/s (source: wind resource maps)
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- **At 1.5m height:** Wind speed is lower due to ground friction. Estimate: ~60% of 10m value ≈ 3.3 m/s
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### Power Calculation Formula
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Theoretical wind power:
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$$
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P = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \rho \cdot A \cdot v^3
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$$
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Where:
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- $P$ = Power (W)
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- $\rho$ = Air density (1.225 kg/m³)
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- $A$ = Swept area (1 m²)
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- $v$ = Wind speed (m/s)
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**Turbine efficiency (Betz limit):** Max 59%, but real VAWT: 20-30%. Use 25% for estimate.
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### Monthly Wind Speed Estimates
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| Month | Avg Wind Speed (m/s) |
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|-----------|---------------------|
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| January | 4.0 |
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| February | 4.0 |
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| March | 3.8 |
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| April | 3.5 |
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| May | 3.2 |
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| June | 3.0 |
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| July | 2.8 |
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| August | 2.8 |
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| September | 3.0 |
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| October | 3.3 |
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| November | 3.6 |
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| December | 3.9 |
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### Monthly Power Output Calculation
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For each month:
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$$
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P_{avg} = 0.5 \times 1.225 \times 1 \times v^3 \times 0.25
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$$
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| Month | v (m/s) | P_avg (W) | kWh/month |
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|-----------|---------|-----------|-----------|
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| January | 4.0 | 9.8 | 7.3 |
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| February | 4.0 | 9.8 | 6.6 |
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| March | 3.8 | 8.4 | 6.2 |
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| April | 3.5 | 6.6 | 4.8 |
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| May | 3.2 | 5.0 | 3.7 |
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| June | 3.0 | 4.1 | 3.0 |
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| July | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.5 |
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| August | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.5 |
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| September | 3.0 | 4.1 | 3.0 |
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| October | 3.3 | 5.2 | 3.9 |
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| November | 3.6 | 7.0 | 5.0 |
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| December | 3.9 | 8.1 | 6.0 |
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**Annual total:** ~54 kWh/year
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---
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## 2. Best Practices for Your Experiment
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### A. Turbine Design
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- Use a simple, robust VAWT design (e.g., Savonius or Darrieus)
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- Ensure the structure is stable and safe at 1.5m height
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- Use lightweight, weather-resistant materials
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### B. Site Selection
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- Place turbine in the most open, unobstructed area
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- Avoid trees, buildings, or other windbreaks within 20m
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### C. Measurement & Data Logging
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- Use an anemometer at 1.5m to log real wind speeds
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- Install a wattmeter or data logger to record power output
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- Record data at least hourly for best results
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### D. Safety & Legal
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- Ensure the installation is secure and not a hazard
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- Check local regulations for small wind turbines
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### E. Optimization
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- Test different blade shapes and angles
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- Compare results with theoretical predictions
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- Try raising the turbine (if possible) to see the effect on output
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---
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## 3. Conclusion
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- At 1.5m, wind speeds are modest, so expect low power output (max ~10W, average much less)
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- Annual energy: ~54 kWh (best case)
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- Main value: learning about wind energy, data collection, and optimization
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---
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## References
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- [Global Wind Atlas](https://globalwindatlas.info/)
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- [Betz Limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz%27s_law)
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- [VAWT Designs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical-axis_wind_turbine)
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